Continuing the previous article, this time we will try to clarify the 3 variables that left pending for the theme "Exercise Sports Training" be completed.
Are they:
- The structural components of the training exercise.
- The classification of training exercises.
- Orientation and trends of training exercises.
Again we want to remind you that we find ourselves available to answer any questions that may arise during your analysis of their articles.
I. The structural components of the training exercise
With the morphological and functional domain of the training exercise already defined then it is time to analyze its structural components. These should always be analyzed in two action plans that despite distinct go hand in hand throughout the process. O physiological level and technical or tactically.
No physiological level
The effectiveness of the training process is based on the ability of the human being has:
- React to outside stimuli that disturb your biological balance when they have a certain intensity. O S.G.A. (general adaptation syndrome of) is the rationale to explain the general phenomena of the relationship between the application of the training loads and the body's reactions to this effort. When we subject our body to a training exercise in practice we are the subject you to a complex world of stimulations. The body in turn will answer us and this response will happen in three sequential phases and sorted.
Alarm phase - mobilization phase of the defenses of the organism.
Phase of adaptation or resistance - is when our body responds to injury addressed to it in the previous phase and which is characterized by respiratory adaptation, cardiovascular, etc., (this is the stage we are interested in developing).
Phase depletion or upgrading - here the individual undergoes a reduction of its biological period resistances. This causes a change in the internal balance and the fatigue produced leads to the forced stop.
- Adapt to the situation, when the stimuli are applied regular, methodical and systematically creating a new state of equilibrium qualitatively superior to the previous. This new state is achieved through the progressive neurological changes, biological, physiological and psychological.
The application of stimuli or fillers, First drive the human body to a process of structural disorganization. After the effort, and even during this, It begins to proceed at structural reorganization, that will bring the individual to exceed the initial level of their abilities (phase over-compensation).
No technical and tactical level
The great diversity of authors who study this subject is unanimous in defining the development of their technical and tactical exercises three fundamental structural variables: or number, space and time.
- O number
In the construction plan of the technical and tactical training exercises, the variable number is of fundamental importance. By reducing the number of practitioners involved in an exercise clearly increase the number of these assumptions are requested for the implementation of measures programmed, thus increasing the chance of these develop the technical and tactical aspects of not only individual order as collective order.
- The space
In the construction plan of the technical and tactical training exercises, we have in mind that every practitioner is faced with functionally connected to each other dynamic spaces.
To diminish the space, increase the difficulties faced by practitioners in achieving the objectives proposed, since the smaller the space, the shorter the time that practitioners have to analyze the situation, which implies an increase of speed and the implementation of tasks pace (individual or collective), thereby decreasing the efficiency established for the implementation of the proposed exercises.
- O time
The speed and fitness are two qualities that interact in opposite directions. This means that the solution of the problems posed by the game, It is particularly suitable, the greater the time that the practitioner has to reflect on their situation.
This variable is closely linked to the space. The more we have the more we have the other. The longer we have to act, is the lowest possible margin of error.
II. The classification of training exercises
There are actually several classifications of training exercises that result from established criteria. Indeed, training exercises can be classified according to the degree of difficulty, with muscle mass volume used, depending on the type of muscle work, etc.
All these variables can easily be grouped into 2 different sub groups characterization:
• The predominant factor in the training exercise content.
This establishes classification 3 distinct families of exercises:
- Technical exercises: those aimed at learning, improvement and development of the technical factor.
- Tactical exercises: those aimed at learning, improvement and development of tactical factor.
- Physical exercises: those aiming at the development of physical qualities.
The methodological level, whatever the predominance of one element over others, training exercises, must nevertheless establish the correlation between the selected situations and the situations in which the competition mode develops.
Segundo Ulatowski (1975) in the process of learning and improvement of competitive actions we can distinguish four main stages:
1) Demonstration and explanation;
2) Learning and improvement in simple terms;
3) Learning and improvement in the next competition conditions;
4) Improvement during the competition.
The degree of identity of exercise.
Also here are established three families of exercises according to the complexity of the training exercise and their greater or lesser proximity to the structure of competitive activity. so we have:
- Exercise competition: similar will essence and nature of competition, cause a more complex adaptation and contribute more effectively to establish harmony between the various training components.
- special exercises: characterized by its specific character, always having something in common with the competition exercises. They have as fundamental objective the development of technical, tactics, and conditional capabilities.
- general exercises: are exercises aimed primarily at stimulating and developing all the key physical qualities, as well as all technical and tactical qualities and base habits of practitioners.
III. Orientation and trends of training exercises
A didactic way we conventionally establish four stages through which the exercises and training have evolved over the modern times:
a) Increased training volume using general and special exercises.
This was the first major sports training guidance. Limited naturally by the time factor. The training volume to get too close to its upper limit, It caused a negative influence on certain developments, mainly due to the overhead of functional systems of practitioners.
b) Increased use of the specific nature of training exercises.
A "second phase" the general exercises lost their preponderance, which resulted in an increase in training time devoted to specific character exercises. The general exercises are now used mainly as an active standby means and acceleration of recovery processes.
c) Adequacy of training exercises will competitive reality.
At this stage we tried that between exercise training and competition, there is a high degree of concordance in the development of physical qualities and technical and tactical operations are jointly engaged, in high psychological tension climates, to accelerate and intensify the processes of adaptation.
d) Finally this whole process of change seeks to establish a scientific support founding laws, principles, methodologies, etc. It is through these that one can define the most efficient training structures in the orientation and training of practitioners and teams, this being adapted to the level of the outlined results.
In view of the above facts, training exercises are the stimuli that will act on the different structures of the body. Logo, the responsibility of the coach / teacher select and conduct exercises with accuracy and precision in order to achieve the intended goals.
In this context, for this to happen it is necessary: to know, adapt and relate, unequivocally the principles of structural training components, manipulating them according to the objective circumstances in which the exercise develops.
It is precisely these parameters that we will concentrate on in the next article.
Until then our desire to excellent training
Prof. Urbino Santos – technical director of the US Elite Sports Agency®
